Economic analysis of desalination technologies in the context. Desalination is classified into two major processes based on the technology for producing fresh water. Graphene membranes for water desalination shahin homaeigohar1 and mady elbahri1,2 extensive environmental pollution caused by worldwide industrialization and population growth has led to a. Economic analysis of desalination technologies in the. Todays membranes are more efficient, more durable, and much less expensive. Federal research and adoption issues congressional research service 1 a primer on desalination interest in desalination technologies for seawater, brackish water, and contaminated freshwater has increased globally and in the united states, as costs have fallen and pressure to develop. Chaudry, unit cost of desalination, california desalination task force, california energy commission, 2003. Membrane desalination equipment needs less space than distillation condensation desalination equipment. Among the thermalbased technologies, membrane distillation and. Desalination is an interdisciplinary journal publishing high quality papers on desalination materials, processes and related technologies desalination welcomes submissions detailing work that is clearly connected to water desalting including applications of desalination to seawater, groundwater and waste waters, such as thermal, membrane. Introduction to membrane techniques for water desalination. Implementation of membranes for water treatment has progressed using more advanced membranes made from new materials and employed in various configurations.
Hollow fiber modules used for seawater desalination consist of bundles of hollow fibers in a pressure vessel3. Seawater desalination technologies research office legislative council secretariat fs071415 1. Water and wastewater treatment technologies desalination by membrane distillation mohamed khayet encyclopedia of life support systems eolss desalination by membrane distillation mohamed khayet department of applied physics i, faculty of physics, university complutense of madrid, avda. The emphasis of the chapter is on reverse osmosis technology. Complex membrane systems are run in the dairy industry for the treatment of milk and production of cheese. Membrane wetting leads to poorquality water, the lack of specific membrane design md experiments utilized microfiltration membranes, and lower flow when compared to other desalination technologies. Membranes such as ultrafiltration, forward osmosis and other membrane technologies are important in separation processes, such as water desalination. Desalination technologies, researching new methods of producing fresh water are becoming more prevalent due to the many countries facing drought, including major cities in australia, usa, and far east countries. Federal research and adoption issues congressional research service summary in the united states, desalination and membrane technologies are used to augment municipal water supply, produce highquality industrial water supplies, and reclaim contaminated supplies including from oil and gas development.
Childress department of civil and environmental engineering university of nevada, reno 1st arabamerican frontiers symposium kuwait institute for scientific research and u. Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment. Desalination technologies and filtration processes membrane. On the other hand, membrane processes required pretreatment of the feed water in order to remove particulates so that the membranes last.
Desalination is an interdisciplinary journal publishing high quality papers on desalination materials, processes and related technologies. Lovegrove centre for sustainable energy systems, department of engineering australian national university canberra act 0200 australia email. By the 1990s, the use of desalting technologies for municipal water supplies had. Membranes are being used for separations in the food and beverage industry. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and hybrid systems process, design, applications and economics it is an excellent book on membrane desalination. Membrane and desalination technologies springerlink. Hybrid desalination systems, which are used to combine desalination technologies, are suitable for big installations in order to accomplish scale economies that reduce the production cost. Based on the symposium on polymers for desalination held at the 162nd national meeting of the american chemical society in washington, d.
Membrane desalination advances in desalination technology over recent years have meant membrane systems have become a more cost efficient and sustainable way of addressing the huge demand for. A common problem with membranes is fouling during the separation process, such as by the adhesion of mainly organic solutes or biological microorganisms to the surface of membranes. Pdf necessity drives invention that is the basis of desalination technology. Present scenario of the technology is brightened by comparing other technologies. Technologies that were originally developed to desalinate water are widely applied. Both thermal and membrane desalination technologies have been used. Desalination technologies are divided into three major groups, namely. The second book on membrane technology that he edited and contributed, the guidebook to membrane technology for wastewater reclamation, has been published in 2010. Pretreatment technologies for membrane seawater desalination.
Veolia water technologies has over 100 years of desalination experience dating back to the first thermal desalination units in 1890. Comparative analysis of desalination technologies sciencedirect. Membrane based seawater desalination processes have typically applied only ro. Water desalination processes american membrane technology. However, consider that the water concentration in the liquid mixture for dehydration processes is normally less than 5 wt%, while in seawater desalination process the water concentration is higher than 90 wt%. Desalination technologies following is a brief overview of several common desalination technologies. Kesieme a, c, nicholas milne a, hal aral a, c, chu yong cheng b, mikel dukea a institute for sustainability and innovation, college of engineering and. The two major types of technologies that are used around the world for desalination can be broadly classified as either thermal or membrane. Reverse osmosis ro reverse osmosis is the finest level of filtration available. The international desalination association reports that as of mid2015, there were at least 18,426 desalination plants in 150 countries with total daily production capacity of 86. Msf, med and vs as well as ed, edr and ro processes have been employed to provide. Using desalination technologies for water treatment. Membrane desalination water treatment bwa water additives. Membranedistillation in desalination crc press book.
Membrane desalination technologies in water treatment. The guidebook to membrane desalination technology reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and hybrid systems process, design and applications mark wilf with chapters by leon awerbuch, graeme pearce. Desalination welcomes submissions detailing work that is clearly connected to water desalting including applications of desalination to seawater, groundwater and waste waters, such as thermal, membrane. Pdf pretreatment technologies for membrane seawater. Within those two broad types, there are subcategories processes using different techniques. Desalination technologies and filtration processes cont. The most significant trend in desalination is the increased growth of the reverse osmosis ro market. Membrane and desalination technologies request pdf. The membrane is always the first item to be selected and this choice will be dictated by the type of separation required see salt passage sp of desalination membranes. In such plants, membrane technologies can be combined with thermal technologies and vice versa. Review of water resources and desalination technologies james e. Reverse osmosis membrane technology has developed over the past 40 years to a 44% share in world desalting production capacity, and an 80% share in the total number of desalination plants installed worldwide. Membrane and desalination technologies is an essential guide for researchers, highlighting the latest developments in principles of membrane technology, membrane systems planning and.
Desalination is a process that takes away mineral components from saline water. Membrane distillation is an attractive technology for solarpowered decentralized desalination that has not yet reached commercial breakthrough on a large scale. National academies october 1719, 2011 in kuwait city. Such widespread use would not have been possible without the advances made in membrane technology over the last two decades, due largely to federally sponsored research and development. Although nf and ededr are also mature technologies and can be used for desalination, ededr are typically not cost competitive for desalination of seawater amjad 1993, and nf is not ordinarily considered for seawater desalination for potable water production. Of the many available desalination technologies, two membrane processesreverse osmosis and electrodialysis are most widely used in the united states. Salty water gets pushed through a porous membrane at high pressure and the membrane captures salt while letting. Membrane distillation was investigated as a possible technique for desalination. Childress department of civil and environmental engineering university of nevada, reno 1st arabamerican frontiers symposium kuwait institute for. Reverse osmosis is perhaps the most popular desalination process. Reverse osmosis ro desalination uses the principle of osmosis to remove salt and other impurities, by transferring water through a series of semipermeable membranes. Pressure driven membrane processes mf, uf, nf, ro, and their fouling propensity and major drawbacks are discussed briefly. Recent advances in membrane science and technology in. In the 1970s, exploration began into using membranes for water desalination.
It includes new updates and comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of membrane. Md is a hybrid process of ro and distillation in which a hydrophobic synthetic membrane is used to permit the flow of water vapor through the membrane. Improvements in membrane technology are complimented by. Moreover, in contrast with other membrane technologies, md requires both thermal energy and electricity. Today there are two main types of desalination technologies membrane ro and thermal med, mvc and msf desalination. In this chapter, principles of different membrane desalination. Desalination technologies a desalination process essentially separates saline water into two parts one that has a low concentration of salt treated water or product water, and the other with a much higher. Reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and hybrid systems process, design, applications and economics it is an excellent book on membrane desalination processes that i would like to recommend to professionals and students in this field. The american membrane technology association amta has developed a series of fact sheets for dissemination to the public to further the understanding of the contribution that membrane water. Some of the key applications for ufs membrane systems are used in drinking water treatment, the pretreatment process in desalination, and membrane bioreactors. Trends in desalination technologies o reverse osmosis worldwide dominates new installations of desalination capacity o new thermal plants restricted to gulf region med with largest improving potential o availability of temperatureresistant ro membranes. The global challenge of sustainable seawater desalination.
Pressure driven, membranebased technologies ro, nf, uf all suffer from fouling, which affects desalination. Citescore values are based on citation counts in a given year e. Ii recent advances in membrane science and technology in seawater desalination with technology development in the middle east and singapore takeshi matsuura. Membrane desalination technologies such as ro are known for their. Pdf desalination technologies for developing countries. Whether membrane water softening including home applications should be included as a subtopic in this who assessment.
Guidebook to membrane desalination technology that has been published in 2006. Membrane distillation in desalination is an attempt to provide the latest knowledge, state of the art and demystify outstanding issues that delay the deployment of the technology on a large scale. An airgap module with builtin condensing surface was used for conducting experiments on polyvinylidene fluoride flat membrane. Technological improvements have both dramatically increased the performance of ro membranes. Necessity drives invention that is the basis of desalination technology. Kesieme a, c, nicholas milne a, hal aral a, c, chu yong cheng b. Membrane and desalination technologies is an essential guide for researchers, highlighting the latest developments in principles of membrane technology, membrane systems planning and design, industrial and municipal waste treatments, desalination requirements. Federal research and adoption issues congressional research service 1 a primer on desalination interest in desalination technologies for seawater.
Miller prepared by sandia national laboratories albuquerque, new mexico 87185 and livermore, california 94550 sandia is a. Coverage of the principles of membrane and desalination technologies and. Technologies that were originally developed to desalinate water are widely applied in this country to remove contaminants other than salt from freshwater supplies. Md is a hybrid process of ro and distillation in which a hydrophobic synthetic membrane is used to permit the flow of water vapor through the membrane pores, but not the solution itself. Saltwater is desalinated to produce water suitable for human consumption or irrigation. Dec 04, 2019 the 4th international conference on desalination using membrane technology will allow the dissemination and discussion of cutting edge research. Membrane and desalination technologies is an essential guide for researchers, highlighting the latest developments in principles of membrane technology, membrane systems planning and design, industrial and municipal waste treatments, desalination requirements, wastewater reclamation, biofiltration, and more. The currently most popular desalination plants are producing fresh water from brackish and seawater sources using reverse osmosis or flash evaporators. Commercial scale membrane distillation for solar desalination. More generally, desalination refers to the removal of salts and minerals from a target substance, as in soil desalination, which is an issue for agriculture. The former technology features the use of a special filtre membrane to produce desalinated water, whereas the latter technology.
Thermal seawater desalination has been practiced on a large scale for more than 60 years initially in the middle east, where it is still the dominant desalting technology. Economic analysis of desalination technologies in the context of carbon pricing, and opportunities for membrane distillation uchenna k. In membranebased desalination, water is separated from its solute by membrane. Wilf regularly presents and teaches desalination and membrane technology. Using desalination technologies for water treatment princeton. Membrane technology applications in power plant water treatment and reuse coming soon applications of membrane technologies in food and beverage. An increasing scarcity in fresh water sources fueled a push towards alternative resources such as ocean water. The veolia water technologies solution 40 years of expertise in membrane desalination with very numerous membrane desalination references ranging from modular equipment to large turnkey projects producing up to 392,000 m. Membrane distillation md is a water desalination membrane process currently in limited commercial use. Introduction water is an abundant natural resource, as approximately threequarters of the planet is covered by it. Although its energy consumption and costs are generally higher than membrane. Novel modified polymer membranes with surface nanostructures to reduce fouling. A fresh look at desalination nature nanotechnology.
In this chapter, principles of different membrane desalination techniques viz. Both technologies need energy to operate and produce fresh water. The membranebased technology is dealt with special attention on technology and economics. By the 1980s, desalination technology was a fully commercial enterprise. The ro membrane acts as a barrier to all dissolved salts and inorganic molecules, as well as organic molecules with a molecular weight greater than approximately 100. Desalination welcomes submissions detailing work that is clearly connected to water desalting including applications of desalination to seawater, groundwater and waste waters, such as thermal. There are two major types of desalination technologies around the world, namely membrane desalination and thermal desalination. Desalination of water is one of the key drivers under nonpower applications of dae program. Desalination therefore presents an effective solution to the challenges of rapid population and economic growth that are leading to water shortages. Oct 30, 2018 membrane distillation is an attractive technology for solarpowered decentralized desalination that has not yet reached commercial breakthrough on a large scale. In general, space requirements are less for the desalination equipment than for a conventional surface water treatment plant of the same capacity.
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